Challenging the Coulomb force
Posted: Wed Nov 11, 2015 9:51 pm
Hi again,
As a long time student of the Fusor.net University under professor Richard Hull, I am taking the liberty of challenging a 300 year old established belief in physics.
I claim there is no such thing as a Coulomb force.
The so called positively charged ions do not repell each other and there is no such thing as tunnelling, this should be good news for most of you guys here.
I shall try and summarise briefly why I make this claim, but for those of you who want the full explanation, I suggest clicking through to my web site below and downloading my paper "Ground Potential", it is unpublished and has not been peer reviewed so the reader actually has to try and understand it.
The crux of it is that there is a simple linear relationshop between relative velocity and relative potential, it's amost trivial.
∆v = c(∆U/Ø)
Where ∆v is the relative velocity between two bodies, c is the speed of light, and ∆U is the difference in potential between the two bodies and Ø is the proton potential (Ultimate potential = constant).
GPT explains why the proton potential (938 MV) is the ultimate potential, one can consider the protons potential as a constant in the same way as the speed of light c, in that nothing can have a higher potential than a proton, the same way as nothing can travel faster than light.
In GPT it is a relatively trivial matter to calculate ground potential, since we know the potential of a proton and an electron (see GPT).
It works out that ground potential is 930 MV, same as the surface potential of the Ni62 nucleus the isotope with the lowest binding energy.
So now let me explain why deuterons resist fusing.
The mass of a deuteron ion is 2.0136 U which converts to 1.875 MeV/c^2, so the mass per nucleon is 937.5 MeV/c^2.
To find the potential we first multiply by c^2 to get 937.5 MeV which is the energy, and then divide by 1 electron to get the potential 937.5 million volts.
Let us now find the potential difference between us at ground potential and a deuteron (deuteron potential 937.5 MV) - (ground potential 930 MV) = 7.5 million volts.
Now we know ∆U we can easily work out the intrinsic velocity of a deuteron ion.
Intrinsic velocity of a deuteron ion with respect to an observer at ground potential = ∆v = c*(7.5 MV/938 MV) = 2,492,944 m/s (~2,500 km/s)
This is the speed deuterons have as soon as you strip their electrons off, and before doing anything to them, when you enclose them in a vacuum chamber they buzz around like angry bees in a jar, and won't combine because they move too fast, not because of a coulomb force.
Think of it in terms of gas pressure, molecules in a pressurised gas vessel appear to repel each other, but as Avogadro showed us, it is the molecule mass, colliding with the vessel, wich causes the apparent pressure, not a new force.
So why do fusors work?
Fusors work because a small amount of the gas in the chamber ionises at of near the grid at low potential, i.e. the electron is removed below ground potential, resulting in a lower ion velocity. Let's work it out..
Grid potential -65 kV
We know an +1 ion accellerated through 65 kV obtains a kinetic energy of 65 keV, this works out to 1.0414 x 10^-14 J
The ion velocity is therefore v=√(2E/m) = 2,495,865 m/s however as we are running the fusor at negative voltage with respect to ground, we are actually reducing the velocity by this amount (approximately 2,500 km/s).
So what we have in effect achieved is to make the deuteron stand still or at least move relatively slowly in the central region of the fuser, and as there is no "Coulomb" force, the deuterons can readily combine and fall to an even lower potential, thereby picking up velocity again.
So it not surprising at all how fusioneers trying to smash atoms together at higher and higher velocities have failed to make progress, they don't understand what's going on.
Ions created at - 65kV are virtually standing still, and will fuse without further persuasion, I am sure of it.
The standard farnsworth fusor works because it starts creating ions within the grid in star mode, but it's not a very efficient way to create lots of -65 kV ions. The proper way would be to use an ion gun floating at -65 kV and inject the low energy ions into the chamber, fusion rates will soar.
I know this is a lot to take in, and there will be plenty of sceptics out there who is going to point out why there is a Coulomb force and that's fine, all I am trying to do here is share what I have learnt from 10 years studying at fusor.net.
Steven
PS: My paper on Ground Potential can be downloaded here https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio ... _Potential
As a long time student of the Fusor.net University under professor Richard Hull, I am taking the liberty of challenging a 300 year old established belief in physics.
I claim there is no such thing as a Coulomb force.
The so called positively charged ions do not repell each other and there is no such thing as tunnelling, this should be good news for most of you guys here.
I shall try and summarise briefly why I make this claim, but for those of you who want the full explanation, I suggest clicking through to my web site below and downloading my paper "Ground Potential", it is unpublished and has not been peer reviewed so the reader actually has to try and understand it.
The crux of it is that there is a simple linear relationshop between relative velocity and relative potential, it's amost trivial.
∆v = c(∆U/Ø)
Where ∆v is the relative velocity between two bodies, c is the speed of light, and ∆U is the difference in potential between the two bodies and Ø is the proton potential (Ultimate potential = constant).
GPT explains why the proton potential (938 MV) is the ultimate potential, one can consider the protons potential as a constant in the same way as the speed of light c, in that nothing can have a higher potential than a proton, the same way as nothing can travel faster than light.
In GPT it is a relatively trivial matter to calculate ground potential, since we know the potential of a proton and an electron (see GPT).
It works out that ground potential is 930 MV, same as the surface potential of the Ni62 nucleus the isotope with the lowest binding energy.
So now let me explain why deuterons resist fusing.
The mass of a deuteron ion is 2.0136 U which converts to 1.875 MeV/c^2, so the mass per nucleon is 937.5 MeV/c^2.
To find the potential we first multiply by c^2 to get 937.5 MeV which is the energy, and then divide by 1 electron to get the potential 937.5 million volts.
Let us now find the potential difference between us at ground potential and a deuteron (deuteron potential 937.5 MV) - (ground potential 930 MV) = 7.5 million volts.
Now we know ∆U we can easily work out the intrinsic velocity of a deuteron ion.
Intrinsic velocity of a deuteron ion with respect to an observer at ground potential = ∆v = c*(7.5 MV/938 MV) = 2,492,944 m/s (~2,500 km/s)
This is the speed deuterons have as soon as you strip their electrons off, and before doing anything to them, when you enclose them in a vacuum chamber they buzz around like angry bees in a jar, and won't combine because they move too fast, not because of a coulomb force.
Think of it in terms of gas pressure, molecules in a pressurised gas vessel appear to repel each other, but as Avogadro showed us, it is the molecule mass, colliding with the vessel, wich causes the apparent pressure, not a new force.
So why do fusors work?
Fusors work because a small amount of the gas in the chamber ionises at of near the grid at low potential, i.e. the electron is removed below ground potential, resulting in a lower ion velocity. Let's work it out..
Grid potential -65 kV
We know an +1 ion accellerated through 65 kV obtains a kinetic energy of 65 keV, this works out to 1.0414 x 10^-14 J
The ion velocity is therefore v=√(2E/m) = 2,495,865 m/s however as we are running the fusor at negative voltage with respect to ground, we are actually reducing the velocity by this amount (approximately 2,500 km/s).
So what we have in effect achieved is to make the deuteron stand still or at least move relatively slowly in the central region of the fuser, and as there is no "Coulomb" force, the deuterons can readily combine and fall to an even lower potential, thereby picking up velocity again.
So it not surprising at all how fusioneers trying to smash atoms together at higher and higher velocities have failed to make progress, they don't understand what's going on.
Ions created at - 65kV are virtually standing still, and will fuse without further persuasion, I am sure of it.
The standard farnsworth fusor works because it starts creating ions within the grid in star mode, but it's not a very efficient way to create lots of -65 kV ions. The proper way would be to use an ion gun floating at -65 kV and inject the low energy ions into the chamber, fusion rates will soar.
I know this is a lot to take in, and there will be plenty of sceptics out there who is going to point out why there is a Coulomb force and that's fine, all I am trying to do here is share what I have learnt from 10 years studying at fusor.net.
Steven
PS: My paper on Ground Potential can be downloaded here https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio ... _Potential